Operators in Python

Operators are special symbols in Python that perform computations on values and variables. Python supports various types of operators, each serving a specific purpose in operations like arithmetic calculations, comparisons, logical evaluations, and more.

Types of Operators in Python

Python operators are categorized into the following types:

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Identity Operators
7. Membership Operators

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1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operator	Symbol	Example	Output
Addition	+	5 + 3	8
Subtraction	-	10 - 4	6
Multiplication	*	6 * 3	18
Division	/	10 / 2	5.0
Floor Division	//	10 // 3	3
Modulus	%	10 % 3	1
Exponentiation	**	2 ** 3	8

Example Code:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)  # Output: 13
print(a - b)  # Output: 7
print(a * b)  # Output: 30
print(a / b)  # Output: 3.3333
print(a // b) # Output: 3
print(a % b)  # Output: 1
print(a ** b) # Output: 1000 (10^3)

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2. Comparison (Relational) Operators

Comparison operators compare two values and return a Boolean (True or False).

Operator	Symbol	Example	Output
Equal to	==	5 == 5	True
Not equal to	!=	5 != 3	True
Greater than	>	10 > 3	True
Less than	<	4 < 7	True
Greater than or equal to	>=	6 >= 6	True
Less than or equal to	<=	5 <= 8	True

Example Code:

x = 10
y = 5
print(x == y)  # False
print(x != y)  # True
print(x > y)   # True
print(x < y)   # False
print(x >= y)  # True
print(x <= y)  # False

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3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used for combining multiple conditions.

Operator	Symbol	Example	Output
Logical AND	and	(5 > 3) and (10 > 5)	True
Logical OR	or	(5 > 10) or (10 > 5)	True
Logical NOT	not	not(5 > 3)	False

Example Code:

x = True
y = False
print(x and y)  # False
print(x or y)   # True
print(not x)    # False

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4. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations at the binary level.

Operator	Symbol	Example (x=5, y=3)	Output
AND	&	5 & 3	1
OR	|	5 | 3	7
XOR	^	5 ^ 3	6
NOT	~	~5	-6
Left Shift	<<	5 << 1	10
Right Shift	>>	5 >> 1	2

Example Code:

a = 5  # Binary: 101
b = 3  # Binary: 011
print(a & b)  # Output: 1 (001)
print(a | b)  # Output: 7 (111)
print(a ^ b)  # Output: 6 (110)
print(~a)     # Output: -6
print(a << 1) # Output: 10 (1010)
print(a >> 1) # Output: 2 (10)

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5. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Symbol	Example	Equivalent To
Assign	=	x = 10	x = 10
Add and Assign	+=	x += 5	x = x + 5
Subtract and Assign	-=	x -= 2	x = x - 2
Multiply and Assign	*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
Divide and Assign	/=	x /= 2	x = x / 2
Floor Divide and Assign	//=	x //= 2	x = x // 2
Modulus and Assign	%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
Exponent and Assign	**=	x **= 2	x = x ** 2

Example Code:

x = 10
x += 5
print(x)  # Output: 15
x *= 2
print(x)  # Output: 30

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6. Identity Operators

Identity operators check if two variables reference the same object in memory.

Operator	Symbol	Example	Output
is	is	x is y	True or False
is not	is not	x is not y	True or False

Example Code:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]

print(a is b)   # True (Same object)
print(a is c)   # False (Different objects)
print(a is not c)  # True

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7. Membership Operators

Membership operators check if a value is present in a sequence (list, tuple, string, etc.).

Operator	Symbol	Example	Output
in	in	5 in [1, 2, 3, 5]	True
not in	not in	7 not in [1, 2, 3]	True

Example Code:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("banana" in fruits)  # True
print("grape" not in fruits)  # True